Dr. Lawrence J. Appel is professor of Medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and holds adยญjunct appointments in the Epidemiology and International Health departments at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. Appel conducts clinical research focused on the prevention of hypertension, and cardiovascular and kidney diseases, through both pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches, typically nutrition-based. He is an expert on the health effects of salt.